How to fill PDF Form. Adobe PDF form is an electronic- based form, resembling a traditional. Web. This figure shows the. Adobe Reader so that you will have no problem to use. PDFill! Edit Current Form Field or Entire Form Fields. Delete Current Form Field or Entire Form Field. Exporting and importing form data. Auto. Fill List for PDF Form Fields. Batch (DOS) Command Support Comparison between PDFill. PDF Editor and FREE Adobe Reader: Features. PDFill PDF. FREE Adobe Reader. View PDFYes. Yes. Fill Interactive Form Field. Yes. Yes. Print Form Field. Yes. Yes. Save PDF Form Yes. Yes. Resume editing later. Yes. Yes. Email the edited PDF to some. Fill out forms Windows 7. You can add form fields to existing PDF files or fill out existing form fields. Does one fill out a form or does one fill in a form? I've gotten different answers from the people I've asked. Google search results. Autofill forms in one click with Dashlane. Filling out electronic forms of any type (PDF, DOC. How to fill out a PDF form. Open the form in Adobe Reader: 2. Choose the Print command in your Adobe Reader and select Form Pilot Home (Pro or Office) as a printer. Any help or suggestions would be appr. Yes. Yes. Scan Image into PDFYes. No. Insert URLYes. No. Insert Whiteout to cover the original content. Yes. No. Edit the Font Style of a Form. Field. Yes. No. Add Form Field if there is. Yes. No. Move a Form Field. Yes. No. Delete Form Field Yes. No. Flatten Form Fields. Yes. No. Adding Password to protect. Yes. No. Set PDF Information or. Initial View or Present Effect. Yes. No. Delete. or Insert PDF Pages. Yes. No. PDF Ink. Pen, Marker and Highlighter)Yes. No. Export or Import Form Data. Yes. No. Form Data Auto. Fill. Yes. No. Batch Commands. Yes. No. The appearance may be different from that of Adobe Reader. It will be supported in the future PDFill. If it is not selected, clicking it more. Now, you are in selection state and can. The I- beam pointer allows you to type. If your pointer appears as a pointing finger, you. Make. Entire Original. Fields Editable. Make. PDF form field from the original form can be deleted. You can ask your client to export the form data and email to you! Export: You can export the form data to a. Tab- separated text file, Microsoft Excel File or FDF File. Exporting form data. Internet. The exported file will be considerably smaller than the original PDF. In each row, there. The left column is the form field name while the right. The name and value is separated by TAB in. TXT/XLS format or by comma in CSA format. Each row is separated by a new line. The single char “\” will be replaced by “\\”. Here. is the example. Form Field Name) (Tab). Form Field Value) (New Line Char). First Name. Bill. Last Name. Gates. Address. Microsoft Corporation\n One Microsoft Way\n Redmond, WA. To export form data into a file: Open the a PDF form by PDFill. Fill. it out inside PDFill. Choose File Menu > Import/Export Forms Data> Click. Export into a Text File. ANSI Format supports only ASCII chars while Unicode Format supports. International chars. There are 3 types to select: Microsoft Excel Workbook. Tab delimited Text (txt). Import. (Please try Export function. Text or Excel file to see the file format before you use. Import function)You can import form data from a text. Each row in the text file must be Tab delimited to create columns, as. See. Form Data Submit. To import form data from a file: Open the a PDF form by PDFill. Choose File Menu > Import/Export Forms Data> Click. Import from a Text File. Select a tab- delimited text file, and click Select. Click Update. Note: If you import form data from a form that doesn't match the. Existing text in text form fields is. Auto. Fill List for PDF Form Fields. There are 4 ways to open this dialog: From. PDFill Options, Select PDF Form Tab. Click the. Button . Use Remove to remove the non- needed. Update Current Entire PDF Form Fields: Some. PDF form fields will be filled automatically IF their names. Auto. Fill Table of Names and Values. Add or Edit: Add a new List or Edit a selected. List of Name and Value. Move Up/Down: Change the order of the selected. Remove: Remove the selected entry of name and. Remove All: Remove all the entries of names. Batch (DOS) Command Support. You can start a batch job in Windows by issuing the. MS- DOS command prompt window without.
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Considering big list of articles I will keep the all articles link in single place to get accessible easily. Trail version of UFT is available for free you can download at your home & practice it (I will post next article on download & installation). Your questions feedback are always welcome, you can ask the queries in the comments below. Web Site Test Tools and Site Management Tools More than 570 tools listed in 14 categories Organization of Web Test Tools Listing - this tools listing has been loosely organized into the following categories. We are having some issues in configuring the Offline. Can you please let us know what we are not. CF411: 2,000+ Tools and Resources for CFers, (in over 170 categories) by Charlie Arehart (Last Updated: Oct 01, 2016) How often do you see a question asked on a list, 'does anyone know where I can find CFML resources about xxx', or 'what tools are available. Listing of 540 web test tools and management tools - load testing, mobile testing, page speed testing, link checking, html validation, security testing, more. Mobile Web/App Testing Tools Selendroid - Open source test automation framework which drives off the. If you are searching for Best MCA projects which will academically and challenging to boost your career in IT, it’s the best place for all ideas and topics for MCA Projects to use in real life not only just submit project in your college. All projects will be go live and use. We will make sure to reply on the queries. As well you can share your experience in the comment section to improve our UFT training series. Can not able to see 64 bit ODBC driver from SSIS odbc connection (2). I chose “HostingService”. When you rename the file, the IDE will ask if you wish to change all references, choose yes. Right click somewhere on the canvas and select Properties. Change the “ServiceName” attribute to something that is meaningful to you as a. QTP-UFT Tutorials - Unified Functional Testing (UFT) - Latest version of Quick Test Professional (QTP) training series for beginners as well as advanced users. Easy to learn UFT-QTP. Online Software Testing Training Courses Levels of Testing Unit Testing. This page contains a list of all UFT/QTP patches and service packs released by HP for UFT 12, UFT 11.50, QTP 11 and QTP 10. The list is updated on a daily basis. Patch ID Details Download Link QTP QTP stands for Quick Test Professional, given by Hewlett Packard (HP). QTP is a software application used for Automation Testing process to test the software applications, more useful for“Functional” and “Regression” testing. QTP’s user interface is called as an Integrated Development environment (IDE) for the test itself, IDE comes with various features which motivate testers to develop a complete script which will effectively validate the determination of the test. QTP runs only in a windows environment and uses “VB Script”scripting language is one that gets interpreted at run time. It supported technologies totally depends on the version of QTP is accessible for Web, Java (Core and Advanced), . Net, WPF, SAP, Oracle, Siebel, People. Soft, Delphi, Power Builder, Stingray 1, Terminal Emulator, Flex, Web Services, Windows Mobile, Visual. Age Smalltalk, Silverlight and mainframe terminal emulators. Latest version of QTP called UFT: The latest version of QTP is 1. QTP is named as HP Unified Functional Testing (UFT). Basically, the UFT is a mixture of HP QTP (GUI testing tool) and HP Service Test (API testing tool). Mixture of QTP and ST will be available on a single graphic user interface. So from now onward, user does not have to download two different tools while working. Latest version of QTP supports Web, Java . Net, SAP, Oracle, Siebel, People. Soft, Web Services, and many other major languages and platforms, but some older versions do not support all above mentioned languages and platforms. HP UFT 1. 1. 5 will also facilitate open source Continuous Integration(CI) systems like Jenkins and Hudson. While, understanding the need of phone (smart- phones + tablets) among users, HP is more giving attention on this; HP’s UFT 1. With this HP UFT Mobile support, HP says that user will be able to generate mobile platform agnostic scripts. Agnostic scripts which has been created i. OS, can also work on Android. It will also support emulators and real devices. The real devices can be taken from the public cloud of collective real devices and/or private cloud of devoted real devices. Automated Testing Process and Progress Steps: Any automated tool execution process has to go through the following steps given below in the figure. Here each step performs particular activity for better result. Feasibility analysis during automation: Before doing automation testing on software, it is necessary to check that the software can be automated or not, because user cannot automate all software due to some reason. Suitable tool section process: Select the automation tool depends on the software requirement, function, and usage. Select and develop the automation framework: After selecting automation tool,the next process will be to select an appropriate framework for automation. There are different kinds of frameworks and each framework has its own quality. Also, develop the framework that is very important process of any successful test automation project. Figure the proof of Concept: Proof of Concept(POC) is established with an end to end setup to estimate if the tool can support the automation of the application. Although, it is achieved with an end to end setup which will confirm that the main functionality can be automated. Develop, execute and analyse the test script: After script get developed,the scripts should go for execution,result analysis, and defect logging. Usually, test scripts are version controlled. Version History of QTPHP Unified Functional Testing was initially given by Mercury Interactive and Mercury Interactive was consequently developed by Hewlett Packard (HP) in 2. Its first name was Astra Quick Test, later on called as Quick Test Professional and the latest version is known as Unified Functional Tester(UFT). Timelines. Versions. Advantage and Disadvantage of QTP/UFT: Advantages. Freely Combined with Test Management Tool (Hp- Quality Center) which allows easy scheduling and Monitoring. Very simple and easy to use and understand, very easy to navigate, provides very user- friendly results validation and Report generation process. It has become very significant for Mobile Application Testing. Although, it is a HP product, HP provides it full support in any manner. Development process of QTP/UFT automation testing uses VBScript language which comes with very much skilled and easy code as compare to any other object oriented programming languages. Although, it is a commercial tool, very costly to purchase its license. QTP/UFT scripting process takes less time, but execution process takes relatively more time and increases load on CPU & RAM. QTP/UFT does not work with all browsers’ versions, testers are always depend on patch file of the browser particular version. Just like Selenium, QTP/UFT works only on Windows OS. Disadvantages. Although, it is a commercial tool, very costly to purchase its license. QTP scripting process takes less time, but execution process takes relatively more time and increases load on CPU & RAM. QTP does not work with all browsers’ versions, testers are always depend on patch file of the browser particular version. Just like Selenium, QTP works only on Windows OS. Today in this post we have seen the “Introduction to HP Unified Functional Testing (UFT)”. Considering big list of posts we are publishing articles more frequently. In next article we are talking about “How to download and install latest version of QTP (UFT)”Please join and share this FREE UFT/QTP training series with your friends. Ask your questions in the comments below. Web Test Tools. How to advertiseon Softwareqatest. More than 5. 40 tools listed in 1. Organization of Web Test Tools Listing. Note: Categories are not well- defined and some tools could have been. Web Site Management. Tools' category includes products that contain: site version. Features. include automatic recording of test scenarios, distributed load injectors, topological and threshold. HTML reports can be generated during the load to view response times. CPU, etc. Features a single VU license type to cover a range of. Free and $ versions available. Can customize different. UI. It allows you. Can capture real production workload for. Also. available in the Amazon EC2, Rack. Space or Plat. Form Labs cloud environments. Simulate any user scenario for webapps, websites. Launch a single dedicated server or a cluster of 1. Apache JMeter compatible - . JMeter environments with up to 1. CPU cores and 5. 00 GB of memory. Access to distributed network of. Free and $ options; free low level load tests for 1- 1. HTTP and HTTPS (SSL) support. Capabilities include handling of. Ajax. Generates tests in C#. For Windows platforms. An open- source stress- testing tool for web apps; includes. User can give JCrawler a set of starting. URLs and it will begin crawling from that point onwards, going. URLs it can find on its way and generating load on. Load parameters (hits/sec) are configurable. XML file; fires up as many threads as needed to keep load. Targeted platforms: Windows. Curl- Loader - . Open- source tool written in 'C', simulating application load and behavior. HTTP/HTTPS and FTP/FTPS clients, each with its own. IP- address. In contrast to other tools curl- loader is using. C- written client protocol stacks, namely, HTTP and FTP stacks of. TLS/SSL of openssl. Advanced user journey modeling, scalable load. Orchestrate activities of a test script in many processes. Test scripts. make use of client code embodied in Java plug- ins. Most users do not. Control module defines, schedules, and deploys tests, defines number. Analysis module analyzes results and provides. Clear and comprehensive. Supports latest technologies, including AJAX, FLEX, GWT, Java. Serialization, and more. Capabilities. include: cookies managed natively, making the script modelling. HTML and XML parser, allowing display and. HTML page or an XML flux. APIs; more. Focus is not on implementing one. Handles. dynamic content and HTTPS/SSL; easy to use; support. These enable. testers to author, execute, and manage tests and related work. Visual Studio. Originally designed. Web Applications but has since expanded to other test functions. Servlets, Perl scripts, Java Objects, Data Bases and Queries, FTP Servers. Can be used to simulate a heavy load on a server, network or. Reports. total number of transactions, elapsed time, bytes transferred, response. Validates. each response using plain text or regular expression searches, or by. Other features: for high- performance. HTTP clients and servers, realistic traffic generation and. Based on the. Apache 1. Available via CPAN. Can send. large amounts of random data to a server to measure. CGI scripts, etc. Modem simulation allows. For Windows, Linux, Solaris. UNIX variants. Handles HTTP and HTTPS; for Unix. Test scripting via visual tool or Javascript with. Built- in support for Web Services/REST. SOAP, Rest, XML, JSON, Web. DAV. Can integrate with selenium. Allows prediction of behavior of e- business environment before. Also provides longer term trend analysis. For IE, Chrome, Firefox, Safari mobile. Android Chrome. YSlow, checks one page at a time and provides. Free and $ versions available. Page. Speed Analysis tools enable. Page. Speed Optimization tools can help automate the process. Includes a Performance report card, HTTP/HTML summary. JSLint. Store high- detail 5- minute checks. Tests are written using the Selenium 2 client API. Enables automation by. OS accessibility attributes. Like some other i. OS test tools, uses undocumented Apple APIs, thus is appropriate. Reports on issues found and suggest mitigation approaches. Integrates with Xcode for i. OS and Eclipse for Android. Reports include device specifications. Video replay with synchronized log streaming. Can write a Python program that installs an Android application. You can physically attach all the devices or start. Can be extended with plugins. Cross- platform, supporting Android and i. OS native apps. Provides test device cloud. Test scripts can run in parallel on hundreds. Can run your tests locally against an emulator or. Testmunk cloud. Also includes 'Answers' kit which provides critical. Can integrate with many 3rd party bug tracking. Requires integratiing the open source Hockey. App SDK for Android, i. OS, Mac OS X, Win. Unity, Xamarin; then uploading your app build to Hockey. App. Testers can then download and install the app and then. Your application and. Can also run your own automation scripts. Free and $paid versions. Test cases can be easily created, without needing the. Implemented as a C++ library that can be used by other tools and applications. Multi- touch gestures, access to the physical. A small footprint. Create objective- driven test flows by utilizing. Supports IE, Firefox, Chrome, Safari. Web. View, HTML5. Custom actions can be created using C#, C++, JAVA, or Python. As of mid- 2. 01. Mac OS X 1. 0. 7 or higher. Linux OK for Android- only; Win support is in . Can validate tests using internal variable values and conditionally wait for internal. Comes with rich set of test validations and object location strategies. Java. Script. Enables any mobile device. Wirelessly pair multiple i. OS and Android devices to your computer. HTML, CSS, and Java. Script. Does not require you to jailbreak, unlock or root your device - just. The IDE includes test project management, integration. Ranorex tools (Recorder, Repository, Spy), intuitive code editor, code completion, debugging, and watch monitor. Tests are written in Objective C, allowing for maximum integration with code while minimizing. Can integrate with Maven or Ant to run tests as part of continuous integration. Run tests interactively or 1. Create suites of tests that automate performing user operation sequences and verifying results. It works well on Broadcast receivers, and average on Services. For. Activities, only single Activities can be fuzzed, not all them. Instrumentations can also be started using this interface. Intent based IPC mechanism. Keynote Mobile Testing - . Cloud- based real mobile handset/tablet testing platform, from Keynote Systems, enables development. Any action that can be performed on a mobile device in- hand can be replicated on devices. Automation capabilities provide flexible scripting that enables building of test scripts. Supports object level including native. Quickly develop scripts using GUI- based commands, Java API, other test. HP UFT, IBM Rational, Selenium, or direct support with Jenkins for continuous. Provides a unified view of mobile and. Web performance and availability. Mobile nodes are a globally distributed set of computers connected to. Web experience. Start from a dashboard and drill down to any errors. HTTP response codes and URLs of broken links are published in the Console log. Found in: 'Chrome > Tools > Javascript Console'). Automatically- scheduled reporting by e- mail. Available as source code; binary available for Linux. Distributed under Gnu General Public License. Only need a starting. URL; all site pages wilk be validated using W3. C and Tenon and a summary and detailed report is produced. Free standalone open source version also available. Ruby gem. Error count of an HTML page is seen as an icon. Available as source code or binaries. API can test using Document Source or URL. Relates to Guideline 3. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2. Designed to identify errors in. Section 5. 08 standards and/or the WCAG guidelines. It is used to aid humans in the 5. Rather than providing a complex technical report, WAVE shows the original. It also contains functionality to create simulations of certain visual conditions such. Support for over 2. USB drive with no installation. PDF docs on the web often present challenges for the visually impaired. It helps determine the site's. U. S. Can specify a JSON. Services can be made. Debug API calls with request inspector, see exact request and. HTTP level. Fault injection to simulate real application behaviour. Supports GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH (and OPTIONS); CORS. Comprehensive Administration API - . Integrate build tools with the service Mockable; admin is programmable. Control mocks using the. REST API - provides 1. Mockable. Import from WSDLs for SOAP mocks. You can have as many spaces (domains) as you need. Mocks. can also be served on your company DNS domain. Isolate the system under test to ensure tests run reliably and only fail. Set up mock responses independently for each test to ensure test data. Available as: stand alone fully contained Netty web server. WAR that runs on any JEE web server, a fully encapsulated Docker container, or a Vert. X module. that runs on a Vert. X. Tapes. are stored to disk as YAML files. Unlike general. purpose mocking tools it works by creating an actual HTTP server that your code under. Supports HTTP response stubbing. Ccan be run as a standalone service for. Capabilities include WSDL. Formatted API responses for JSON and XML. HATEOAS support; image previews; request history; basic and OAuth 1. URL parameters too. Use environment variables to. Builds on j. Query and Bootstrap. Mocking for both REST and SOAP APIs. Injects two types of faults: socket API failures and arbitrary. HTTP responses (that can be used to imitate a wide range of conditions. SOAP faults). Customizable to support any XML protocol. Ramp- up, ramp- down, and weighted scenarios. Vulnerability Analysis includes dynamic. XSD mutation security testing with automatic boundary condition testing. Risk assessment and risk mitigation. Keeps track of new browser releases and updates. See and interact with. Browsers stay fully interactive. Here's how to find them in Microsoft Publisher. Download over 7,000+ Premium Website Templates, Web Templates, Flash Templates and more! Premium HTML templates by Template Monster – a web design giant trusted by hundreds of thousands of happy customers. Power up your site with pro HTML themes. Create fully functonal cross-browser sites with new Adobe product. TemplateMonster has created this collection of free web templates for you. Download free, open source HTML5 templates to use in your personal or commercial projects, or to use as a markup learning tool. One page Product website designs for your inspiration. Need a quicker solution? See One Page Ecommerce Templates. Love it or hate it, but HTML and CSS templates are one of the most sought-after free products. Though it would seem that coding an elementary web page populated with. 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Run Less Run Faster Marathon training program review. Just over a month ago I ran my first marathon. As Pro Training Programs does not currently offer Marathon training programs, and I had no connection to any professional Marathon coaches or trainers, I went in search of a training program that I should follow. Run Less Run Faster is the equivalent of Pro Training Programs for Marathon. Developed by the Furman Institute of Running and Scientific Training (FIRST), the Run Less Run Faster program was originally published in Runners World magazine. The program built a cult like following of distance runners looking for something different. This lead to a short book by the training programs authors on the science of Run Less Run Faster. The Run Less Run Faster program is a 1. As I see it, there are three keys to the Run Less Run Faster program; . Quantity. The book explains that most distance running programs are full of . Run Less Run Faster has just the 3 runs per week, but these are quality runs with set distances and paces that will push you . Cross training gives the training variety and will help build your endurance without the risk of overtraining (cross training are non- weight bearing exercises). The relatively low time commitment of the Run Less Run Faster program also makes the Marathon possible for non professional runners who otherwise wouldn. The Run Less Run Faster program adapts to your current fitness level rather than potentially unrealistic goal time. From your current fitness level, the Run Less Run Faster program increases progressively to what current sport science research shows is achievable within the 1. This significantly reduces the likelihood of injury from overreaching. Simplicity. The Run Less Run Faster program has just the 5 sessions per week, all of which are straightforward and require little equipment. While the calculations in the book are almost enough to put you off doing the program altogether, the mobile application could not be any simpler. You enter the date of your event, your previous race time and preferred unit (km vs. Full body workout to run faster and improve endurance. The Speed Conditioning Workout. Here’s what you need to know about speed training. This simple app became my most used app for 4 months (better than Facebook!). Obviously the Run Less Run Faster book goes into significantly more detail. It’s an easy read if you’re interested. But for those of you happy with the abbreviated version, I think the Run Less Run Faster program is the perfect combination of effectiveness and efficiency. The focus on fewer, quality sessions, the personalisation and the simplicity make it the perfect program for a casual, non professional Marathon runner of any level. Have you tried the FIRST or a different method? The Pros and Cons of Bilingual Education. These people are not against education for all. Bilingual programs would do well to provide long periods of total English immersion as. The Benefits of Bilingual Education. Although the United States has no of-. Why America Needs Bilingual Education. It is not uncommon to hear people say something to the tune of “There are too many immigrants in the United States and. Montgomery County Public Schools in the state of. Public opinion on bilingual education in Colorado and Massachusetts. In 2. 00. 2, voters in Massachusetts and Colorado faced identical ballot initiatives to remove bilingual education programs from the public schools. The measure passed in Massachusetts and failed in Colorado. This paper investigates the debates over the issue in these two states. It provides insight into how people reason with respect to minority politics. It also helps to make sense of the states’ divergent outcomes. Content analysis of letters- to- the- editor reveals that voters are motivated by ethnic competition and fiscal concerns, as existing theories would predict. Additionally, citizens debate which kinds of programs work best for English learners and take stands on how these youngsters can be successful in life. The inter- state comparison reveals that a major factor distinguishing the two statewide debates was ethnic paternalism, a logic often used by members of ethnic majorities to justify restrictive policy decisions on the basis of what they think is best for the affected population. The analysis shows that themes related to doing what is best for English learners were significantly more salient in Massachusetts than Colorado. This finding implies that where public debate over this issue is framed in terms of helping minority youth, the fate of bilingual education is not secure. Bilingual Education: A Critique . To make men intelligent, the school has again but one way, and that is, first and last, to teach them to read, write and count. And if the school fails to do that, and tries beyond that to do something for which a school is not adapted, it not only fails in its own function, but it fails in all other attempted functions. Because no school as such can organize industry, or settle the matter of wage and income, can found homes or furnish parents, can establish justice or make a civilized world. Du Bois. No one better understood the true purpose of primary and secondary school education than the author of these introductory lines, W. Du Bois, perhaps the greatest black radical scholar in the United States. Yet, throughout the history of American education, Du Bois's sound assumptions have met with unceasing challenge. Why Bilingual Education? Opponents of bilingual education tell us that the public is against bilingual. Good bilingual programs have brought students to the 50th percentile on standardized tests. Throughout their history, Americans have attempted to use education for pragmatic aims of the most contradictory kinds: for the purpose of saving souls, turning out good citizens, turning the foreign- born into good American citizens, or- -more recently- -giving students a better understanding of their racial or ethnic background so as to resist Americanization and develop multiculturalism. The Struggle for Bilingual Education. Bilingual Education In Public Schools. In the United States, the term bilingual education generally refers to programs that provide support. Bilingual programs will be allowed only in localities where parents actually. In addition to becoming a religious battleground, schools frequently became involved in ethnic issues as successive immigrant communities attempted to use the classroom to maintain their respective linguistic and cultural heritages. Germans, for instance, though supposedly an assimilable group, sometimes went to extraordinary lengths during the nineteenth century to use every conceivable institution- -public schools, parochial organizations, churches, gymnastic associations (Turnvereine), and even glee clubs (Liedertafeln)- -for the purpose of strengthening Deutschtum on American soil, an issue of bitter controversy. During the 1. 96. In the eyes of orthodox educators, bilingual instruction- -in the child's native tongue and in English- -should be transitional. The child's home language should be used for teaching purposes, so that students will acquire cognitive skills and avoid academic retardation. English should be taught as a second language only until the student becomes proficient in English, at which time native- language instruction should end. In theory, attention would continue to be paid to the child's heritage and culture. But the basic purpose, at least of federal legislation, was to get students to transfer into all- English classrooms as fast as possible, without falling behind in other subjects. But the English- speaking public generally insisted that English should remain the sole language of instruction in schools. The use of native languages was often resented by the descendants of earlier immigrants, whose forebears had struggled to learn English. Anglo- Americans feared it would usher in multilingualism and artificial attempts to preserve ethnic cultures. Bilingual education, according to its critics, might turn into an instrument to increase ethnic employment in schools and to achieve the political, economic, and social goals of Hispanics. Bilingual education became for many Hispanics a civil rights issue and also a means of obtaining heightened respect for their culture, an instrument for fighting discrimination against non- English- speaking groups, and a device for obtaining jobs and increasing the Hispanics' political leverage. Spanish- speaking Americans were in fact slow to emulate their European predecessors' demands for bilingual education. Organizations such as the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), the Mexican- American Political Association, and the American GI Forum, while not unmindful of their Hispanic heritage, stressed political, social, and economic equality for Mexican Americans and attempted to integrate Mexican Americans fully into American life. LULAC thus placed special stress on ending job discrimination and de facto segregation in school. From the 1. 96. 0s onward, the emphasis shifted from socioeconomic to broader and often contradictory objectives set by educational reformers. Some of them, making use of newly popular theories of . In this view, the child was . Coming from the love and warmth of his home into an unsympathetic school, the child supposedly underwent traumatic experiences that might lead him into anxiety, a retreat from society, or crime. The demand for bilingual education came from many sources. Cuban immigrants, many of them highly educated, called for quality schooling for their children, an education that would preserve the Cubans' Spanish culture. Bilingual education also was said to be essential for gaining a new sense of self- pride for the Hispanic poor, this in a country where Spanish enjoyed low esteem and where too many authors of schoolbooks, teachers, politicians, professors, advertisers, and even producers of television programs supposedly conspired to demean Spanish speakers by casting them into stereotyped characters. The most radical attacks on the existing system- -launched in the 1. La Raza Unida, which then advocated biculturalism as a political weapon in the struggle to set up a . Spanish- speaking educators stated that there were at least five reasons why Hispanics dropped out. Overall, Hispanic college graduates did best, followed by high school graduates; high school dropouts were at the bottom. Clearly, argued the advocates of bilingual education, more suitable courses of instruction would help to improve the Hispanics' economic as well as educational position. Faith in education commonly went with a characteristically American creed in the combined power of cash, gadgets, and the correct pedagogical method taught at almost every school of education in the United States. Between 1. 95. 2 and 1. The number of educational employees tripled, from 1,8. If money alone could buy excellence, the United States should have entered a golden age of public instruction instead of seeing declining standards in many schools. Commitment to upgraded education for the poor was accompanied by determined attempts to desegregate schools. In 1. 96. 4, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act and, a year later, the Elementary and Secondary Schools Education Act (ESEA). The federal government, through the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, became actively involved in desegregating public schools throughout the United States. At the same time, both politicians and educators turned to . The Bilingual Education Act of 1. English by youngsters with a different mother tongue. The parallel campaigns to integrate schools and to raise the standards of Spanish- speaking and other students did not, however, easily run in harness. Both Hispanics and blacks had experienced widespread segregation. According to a report issued by the Civil Rights Commission in 1. Mexican American students were attending schools defined as . At the same time, Mexican Americans complained that using ESEA compensatory funds for improving the lot of . Although the civil rights movement made conscious efforts to eliminate hostile stereotypes from textbooks and courses, there was little attempt to present minority cultures in a positive fashion. Puerto Ricans were equally outspoken in their criticism. In New York City, ASPIRA, a Puerto Rican cultural organization, assisted by the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund (PRLDEF), took the board of education to court several times. The first suit began in 1. Puerto Ricans gained the . The court ordered the board of education to carry out the 1. ASPIRA and PRLDEF- -without, however, solving all the points at issue. At the same time, educators of many different national origins, following the example of black ethnic studies leaders, built an extensive network of Chicano studies, Puerto Rican studies, Cuban studies, Latin American studies, ethnic studies, and bicultural or multicultural education programs at many northeastern, midwestern, and California colleges and universities. A new journal, the Bilingual Review/La Revista Bilingue (1. All these efforts combined to form a powerful lobby to push for bilingual education and to mobilize more federal funds for this and related purposes. The Hispanics' complaints became more outspoken as their political power increased and as the federal government unwittingly favored their cause through a new statistical definition. Until l. 19. 70, the definition . The 1. 97. 0 census broadened the term to include both racial origin and Spanish- language speakers, irrespective of their birthplace. This resulted in a dramatic increase in those officially defined as . In 1. 96. 7, the Inter- Agency Committee on Mexican- American Affairs was set up as a coordinating body for cabinet- level programs; in 1. Spanish speakers. Growing numbers of Hispanic Americans obtained appointments to the staff of the Civil Rights Commission, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and the U. S. By their philosophies and the composition of their personnel, these bodies were committed overwhelmingly to the liberal cause. Self- styled progressives among the federal bureaucrats, judges, college professors, journalists, and congressional members and staffers formed an informal but powerful lobby committed to institutional change. The Lau v. Nichols case stands out as another landmark on the road to bilingual education. This major case, brought against the school district of San Francisco, alleged discrimination against Chinese schoolchildren; in 1. Supreme Court decided that the provision of equal facilities, textbooks, teachers, and curricula for youngsters unable to speak English did not mean equality of opportunities- -and all school districts were thereafter required to take . In the following year, the Office of Civil Rights issued a memorandum (cumbrously entitled . Reasons Why Your Gas or Electric Oven Isn't Heating. When it comes to cooking a meal, your oven is the heart of the operation. How to diagnose the fault and how to replace a fan oven element on CDA, Delonghi, Diplomat, Hygena Elba, Kenwood, Tecnolec. If your oven is old or obsolete it can be difficult to source the right spares for it. A S Catering Supplies at [email protected] specialise in spares for. 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